[★★★☆☆] Notched Beam Under Cyclic Loading

The model scripts can be downloaded from here.

This example is taken from section 1.1.7 in the manual "ABAQUS Example Problems Guide". Additional references are available:

1. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620362210
2. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1630040606

Geometry

The model is depicted as follows.

Material Parameters

The Armstrong-Frederick model is used to model the behavior of the rolled steel. An elastic modulus of $E=210\mathrm{GPa}$ and a Poisson's ratio of $\nu =0.3$ are used. The initial yield stress is ${\sigma }_y=200\mathrm{MPa}$.

Isotropic Hardening

The same exponential function with a saturated limit is used in both AF model and the ABAQUS implementation.

$$k(p)={\sigma }_y+k_s(1-e^{-mp})+k_{l}p,$$

in which the following parameters are used: $k_s=2000\mathrm{MPa}$, $m=0.26$ and $k_l=0\mathrm{MPa}$.

Kinematic Hardening

A slightly different rule is used in the ABAQUS implementation compared to that in the AF model. The linear part of the back stress $\beta$ is proportional to the shifted stress $\eta$, rather than its unit direction $n={\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{|\eta |}}$. Please refer to the description of the AF model for the meanings of those symbols.

In the ABAQUS implementation, the following rate form is used.

$$\mathrm{d}\beta =C{\displaystyle \frac{1}{{\sigma }_y}}(s-\beta )p-\gamma \beta p,$$

in which $C=25.5\mathrm{GPa}$ and $\gamma =81$ are used.

The AF model uses the following form.

$$\mathrm{d}\beta =a{\displaystyle \frac{s-\beta }{|s-\beta |}}p-b\beta p.$$

In this form, the parameter $C$ shall be defined as a function. For simplicity, a constant but smaller value can be used for $a<C$ while $b=\gamma$.

Initial Condition

Initial accumulated plastic strain and back stress are defined so that

$$p_0=0.43,{\beta }_0={\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}128& -181& 53& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right]}^{\mathrm{T}}.$$

Numerical Model

The following commands can be used to define the model. Note since it is a plane strain problem, the corresponding wrapper is used. Also note due to the different implementation of kinematic hardening, exact result is not possible.

material ArmstrongFrederick 1 2.1E5 .3 2E2 2E3 0 .26 2E4 81
initial material history 1 .43 128 -181 53
material PlaneStrain 2 1

Results

The response of the root of the notch is plotted as follows.

The deformation is shown.